The hotel, as well as the grist mill, saw-mill and blacksmith shop, serves as a vanguard to civilization, going up as it does in the midst of the wild, unsettled frontier, to give shelter and repast to the explorer and home seeker. Could the foundation stones of the early taverns in the neighborhood of Prairie du Chien but speak, they would, indeed, reveal history which can never be written. They would tell of men and women of whom we know but little, they would describe the manners and customs of those who, perhaps, tarried here but a few days, or maybe give us a volume of comic incidents which occurred within the superstructure above them. Here the French and Indian traders assembled and told one another of their exploits and the dangers through which they passed in search of worldly gain among the savage tribes of Indians, whose finest hunting ground was hereabouts. They would also make mention of the marriages, births and deaths and of dances and charivaries besides a thousand other things which must have transpired in those early days around the public houses. But as these have been dumb listeners it is left for the historian to trace out, as near as possible the facts connected with the building and operation of the first hotels of the city and such additional notes concerning those of a later date as he may be able to find and then weave them together as a record of the hotels of this place.

There were several inns kept by the French settlers at a very early date; but the first record to be found of a licensed tavern was granted May 13, 1823, to John Brunet, by J. L. Findly, then county clerk. About the same time another was granted to John Dispouse, and a year later, one to James Reed. These were all three small concerns, and their history, however extensive and interesting it may have been, has been lost by the flight of time; and all that is known is the facts above stated.

About 1839 Ezekiel Tainter built what was known as the Phoenix Hotel. This was on Main street, near the New York store building. In a few years Mr. Tainter sold to Edward Pelton, who operated it for a time, and from him the property passed into the hands of Mr. Keith. The next landlord was Deacon Hurd (Dennis J.), who continued for several years, and finally gave way to William Campbell, and he in turn to Alonzo Kane, who changed the name of the house to "Kane's Hotel." He conducted the house till 1861, when J. George Schweizer purchased and operated it till Nov. 8, 1873, at which time it was destroyed by fire, occasioned by the burning of Mr. Boisvert's barn, as some thought, while others concluded it must have been willfully set on fire, while the barn was yet smouldering.

About 1834 a hotel was built on Bluff street, which in 1884, was used as a private house. This was called the Prairie House; it was a story and a half building, erected by a Frenchman named Baylee. Later it became the property of H. L. Dousman, but was operated by N. F. Hurd, also by Messrs. Parvin & Campbell.

In 1839 Alexander McGregor built a very substantial, spacious hotel in Lower Town, known as the Granite Hotel. This was constructed of Prairie du Chien granite, and was a fine building. It was destroyed a few years later by fire.

In 1857-8 a joint stock company erected a large hotel in Lower Town, known as the Brisbois house. This was an immense house, built over the excitement connected with the completion of the Milwaukee & Mississippi River railroad to this point. It was too large a house to be in any sense profitable to its owner, and so was operated but a few years. Its cost was $56,000. During the rebellion it was used by the government as a hospital. Later still, an unsuccessful attempt was made to have it utilized by the State as a Normal School building; but having failed in this, its owners organized an independent college, known as the Prairie du Chien College. This proved a financial failure, and the building passed into the hands of the Catholics, who started a school therein, which also proved a failure. John Lawler then purchased the property and donated it to the Fathers of the Society of Jesus, who have added substantial and expensive improvements, and sustain one of the best schools in the State.

Another fine hotel was erected in 1856-7 by E. W. Mondel, at a cost of $40,000. This was known as the "Mondel," and was a very superior house. Among others who conducted this hotel, were, A. M. Tryon, Mr. Van Velzer and Edward Pelton, who were experienced hotel men, and won the esteem their merit deserved as good landlords. This building was a fine three story structure, situated on Bluff street, the principal street of the city. It was destroyed by fire in December, 1880, and was not re-built.

The Railroad House, on the island, is the property of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company. This spacious building was erected in 1862-3, at the time the depot was moved from its original site in Lower Town. This is a fine structure, built of Milwaukee brick, and provided with all modern appliances for the comfort and convenience of the traveling public. The cost of the building was about $35,000, exclusive of furniture. It is located within a few rods of the east bank of the Mississippi river, near the depot, and from its rooms may be seen the charming river scenery.

Among the smaller hotels of the place are the Tremont, Sherman, St. Paul and Central hotels.

The building which forms a part of the Tremont House, is a pioneer structure, being built by H. L. Dousman, in 1826-7. It stands near the river, also close to the Milwaukee depot. It first served as a residence and Indian trading post. For many years it was operated as a hotel by H. Baldwin, who added to its capacity, from time to time. In 1882 it was purchased by Walter Newick.

The St. Paul House was built in 1868, by Dennis Crehain. It is a small frame building near the Tremont and Railway Houses. Mr. Crehain, the proprietor, operated the Western House, at Lower Town, at an early day; he was also section boss seven years on the section running east from Prairie du Chien, when the road was first constructed.

The Sherman was formerly known as the Minneapolis House. This house was built in 1875 and operated in 1884, by Edward Rodgers.

The Central House is situated in the center of the business part of the city, on Bluff street. This building was built for a residence, but converted into a hotel in 1877. Its proprietor in 1884 was M. Bridenbauch. What was known as the Wisconsin House, was built by J. George Schweizer, in 1856 or 1857, as a saloon; but soon after the marriage of Mr. Schweizer, he converted it into a tavern and continued to operate it till 1861, when he purchased the Kane House.

Last, though far from being the least, is the Commercial Hotel. This is a brick business block, remodeled into a hotel in 1881, by J. George Schweizer. It stands on the corner of Bluff and Prairie streets, facing the south and east. It contains many elegant rooms on the first, second and third floors; also a fine billiard hall and bar are run in connection with the house, both of which are conducted in a creditable manner. Since Mr. Schweizer's death in May, 1882, the house has been operated by Mrs. Schweizer, under the management of her two sons, George and Charles. The Commercial has telephonic connection with all parts of the city, as well as with the city of McGregor. Another pleasing feature of this hotel, is the beautiful crystal-like stream of mineral water, which proceeds from the famous artesian well, and flows within a few feet of the office door. With all these surroundings, the stranger is made to feel at home, while he remains at the Commercial.

In 1837 a bank was started at Prairie du Chien called the Prairie du Chien Ferry Co. Handsome bills were issued. George W. Pine, president, H. W. Savage, cashier. It did not circulate well here, as it had no charter. It did less damage than most of the wild cat institutions of that day.

The first successful attempt at the banking business, was in 1856, when a Milwaukee capitalist, Anson Eldred, opened a banking house at Lower Town, known as the Bank of Prairie du Chien. After a few years this concern was moved to Upper Town and finally failed.

Another bank was opened in the winter of 1856-7, by Chase Bros., called the Exchange Bank. This was located on Water street. This institution was in operation a few years and then closed up, its capital being invested in other directions. Another bank known as the Exchange Bank, which is at this time, (1884) is the only bank of the place, was founded in 1872, by C. M. Seley, who sold to Aaron Denio, in 1880. The cash capital of this institution is $10,000.

Prairie du Chien, situated as it is on the prairie land between the two bluffs, which form the valley of the Mississippi river, has been the scene of many great inundations, the greatest of which are spoken of in this connection.

In the month of May, 1826, a great flood occurred, at which time the river was higher than it had ever been known to the white settlers. At this point it was twenty-six feet above low water mark. The troops then garrisoned here, abandoned the fort and took possession of the higher ground east of the slough. The next remarkable flood was in May, 1859. In the vicinity of the round house in Lower Town, there were several houses, where the inmates would have been drowned had they not taken refuge in the upper story or at their neighbors. Front street was only passable by boats, and the merchants in that section were damaged by having the water fill the basements. All the islands in the river were submerged and the channel over one mile wide. The main town was indeed an island, the bridge across the slough was covered with water at both extremities and a part of it carried down stream.

Another sweeping flood occurred about the 20th of June, 1880; the Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers were then higher than they had been known for over forty years. The saw-mills and railroad companies sustained heavy losses in this flood. During this freshet assistant superintendent Collins and roadmaster Mitchell came from Woodman, a station on the Milwaukee road, about twenty miles distant, in a skiff, and found the water to be four feet over the railroad track in many places. Nine hundred feet of the track was washed away between Boscobel and Woodman, and the entire Wisconsin bottoms were inundated. The people living at Frenchtown, just north of the city, were completely surrounded by the waters of the Mississippi, and lost all their farm and garden products. On the Iowa side of the river, twenty-five mile of the Dubuque & Minnesota railroad was submerged and all trains abandoned. During this flood a party of musicians chartered a large boat of Louis Martin, and with quite a number of friends took sail over the submerged portion of the city, the 4th ward. The musicians were: Mr. Humphreys, James Hicks, A. K. Graves, Mrs. Newton, Mrs. McKey, Miss Jennie Morrison, Mr. and Mrs. Newman, vocalists; Mrs. Le Clerc, organist; Mr. King, violinist, and Dr. Samuels, guitar accompaniment. It is said the boat glided along over the peaceful waters, while the pale moon lent her mild light, peeping out occassionally from the scattering grey clouds, while the sweet strains of music floated pathetically over the "transient sea of waters." After serenading some friends in their half submerged houses, the boat was moored at the steps of the railway eating house, the inmates of which were greeted by a long serenade and there invited by the genial landlord, Col. Williams, to partake of the bounties of his table, after a nice little welcome speech.

The latest, the severest and by far the most extensive flood ever known to the people of the upper Mississippi valley, occurred in October, 1881. It commenced about the first of the month, and continued for about three weeks, devastating towns, cities, mills, railroads and bridges. In Prairie du Chien, the mills were all shut down, and the hands thrown out of employment. Boats took the place of wheeled vehicles for conveyance through the principal streets. The hay crop all along the Mississippi valley was ruined, and large numbers of stock were drowned.

There exists no point in the northwest, around which so much of historic interest clusters, as that of the city of Prairie du Chien, especially, is this true concerning the old government quarters, the remains of which have to be pointed out to the stranger, in order that he may discern that the spot was once a military post, where stood one of the most substantial and important forts along the Mississippi river. Where Ft. Crawford stood with its massive walls of solid masonry, bidding defiance to the charge of a mighty enemy, now towers the walls of the Catholic school building. Where the shrill sound of the bugle at roll call, was heard, now rings forth the convent bell. The last picket guards about these grounds have long since beat their "spears into pruning hooks and their swords into plowshares," and many of them been laid away at rest; and where they once stood guard at night, the street lamps of the city serve as silent sentinels --- befitting emblems of peace.

The grounds occupied by the Fort were purchased of J. H. Lockwood and James Doty, in 1829. They consisted chiefly of farm lots Nos. 33, and 34, which contained 160 acres.

One of the early frame houses in Prairie du Chien was erected by James H. Lockwood; this house was upon the grounds purchased for the garrison and was the residence of various army officers among whom were "Zac" Taylor, then colonel in the United States army, having command of this post for a number of years prior to his promotion to the presidential chair.

After the close of the Civil war, all the government property at this point, was sold, the fort and other military buildings torn down and the material of which they were constructed, utilized for private purposes, as well as the land upon which they stood. No longer were they needed as a bulwark of defence; thus, stone by stone, the buildings were removed. John Lawler purchased the grounds about the fort; also portions of the government building. He donated the spot where the fort stood to the Roman Catholics, who erected a convent, upon the exact spot. The old flag staff from which "Zac" Taylor unfurled the stars and stripes in those early days, has been carefully preserved by Mr. Lawler, and still supports the proud flag upon all public occasions, and indeed waves "Over the land of the free, and the home of the brave." At the present (1884), nothing of note remains to remind one of the old garrison, except the building, once used as an army hospital; the stone structure previously used for the storage of the munitions of war, and the officers cemetery where sleep the heroic dead.

The hospital is a low one story stone building erected in the form of a right angle, with broad porches extending along the entire frontage. Within this hospital were performed some of the most noted surgical operations known to the profession. As one passes by this building, half in ruins, and exposed to the commons, they are reminded of other times, of days when each ward within this hospital was occupied by the sick and dying, whose groans were heard throughout the garrison. "Oh the enormnity of war!" The munition buildings stand just north of the hospital. These are two story stone buildings constructed in the most substantial manner. The wood work having nearly all decayed, or been removed, the naked walls alone stand as monuments of the past.

The officers' cemetery is situated just north of the John Lawler property and is but a small enclosure, reserved by the government and cared for in a very creditable manner by Mr. Lawler, who has great respect for the departed dead. A tight board fence surrounds the graves, a number of which contain tombs of old style, provided with a brick work three feet above the ground, and this surmounted by a thick marble slab about 3x7 feet, upon which is carved various inscriptions to the memory of those whose remains rest beneath. The privates were buried at another part of the garrison grounds and when the lands were disposed of by the United States so many of these remains as could be found, were removed to the officer's cemetery and by a special act of Congress, head boards were placed by these "unknown" graves.

With each recurring spring time, the citizens of the place observe Decoration Day, and they are sure to remember these earlier graves with a peculiar tenderness and there bestow their choicest garlands.

In the year 1814 Faribault, after whom Faribault, Minn., was named, an early trader of the upper Mississippi, was robbed of a large stock of goods at the village by the Winnebagoes. A slight earthquake was noticed this year.

1818. --- Col. John Shaw built a grist mill at Fisher's coulee four miles above the prairie where the Dousman mill now stands.

1821. --- The first steamboat appeared here this year. It was owned in St. Louis and called Virginia.

1826. --- In the month of May occurred a great flood of the Mississippi, the highest of more modern times. The water at Prairie du Chien reaching twenty-six feet above low water mark.

1832. --- The cholera raged here severely this year, and 100 soldiers died in two weeks.

1836. --- The population at this time was 850.

1837. --- The county authorities levied a tax to build a bridge across the "Marais de St. Feriole." It was built between what is now the Catholic church and the Dousman residence, and floated away soon after.

1842. --- The first public school was taught this year by Miss Rice, who afterward became the wife of Jerrud Warner.

1849. --- Louis Mayard was killed by Theophilus La Chappelle, and his house burned. The latter was tried in November of that year and not found guilty, on the plea of insanity.

1856. --- During this year Alexander McGregor, built and put in operation a steam ferry boat, to ply between Prairie du Chien and the village of McGregor.

1857. --- The first train of cars reached Prairie du Chien April 14; a grand reception being tendered the passengers.

1859. --- On the 12th of May another inundation took place, the water being higher than had been known for ten years. The islands in the river were covered, the main town, an island and the bridge over the slough under water.

In July 1833, two river gamblers came up the river to this place. They had taken the smallpox somewhere below, which made its appearance on them here, and from which they died. The disease spread from them to the inhabitants and Indians. Some of the former died, but more of the Indians. In Waubasha's band, where Winona now stands, 140 died. The contagion was said to work its way west to the Missouri river, scattering death among the poor natives. The Mandan villages were said to have lost all but sixteen souls. The Winnebagoes in this vicinity died by scores and hundreds, and their remains were scattered along the river banks and in the woods, unburied, and eaten up by the wolves.

For some time prior to 1858, the towns on the upper Mississippi were known to be the lurking place of a gang of robbers and thieves, and this year the depredations that were committed in the neighborhood of the prairie, made it evident that they had come up the river to extend their business. About the 1st of May, a crowd of villainous looking fellows were observed about the town, and a few days after, an elderly man in passing through the place to his home in the country fell into their hands and was plundered of everything. Shortly after, a jewelry store in the town was broken into and robbed of property to the value of $2,000. These vagabonds were seen in the streets with revolvers and bowie knives insulting those who came in their way, and threatening "to clean out the town." The proper authorities were insufficient to discharge their duties, and the rowdies were allowed to do pretty much as they pleased. These events created a great deal of excitement among the inhabitants, and a vigilance committee was appointed, who arrested some twelve of these characters, and put them in the jail. A meeting of the citizens was called, and it was decided that something must be done to rid the town of these rascals. The prisoners were brought to the court house and examined, and it was decided that six of the principal ones should have their heads shaved and receive ten to thirty lashes on the back, and sent down the river; one of the number, a negro, was appointed to do the shaving. The sentence was duly enforced. A few of the number were discharged, on due and proper admonition, and some escaped. A report of the proceedings was drawn up and published in the newspapers.

In 1862, Austin Birge, while digging in a mound, at lower Prairie du Chien, came across some bits of bones and primitive pottery, and among them espied a larger silver coin than he had ever seen. Removing to Grant Co., Oregon, he carried his find with him, but later sent it back, so that it came into the possession of Horace Beach, who has generously presented it to the Wisconsin Historical Society. Its diameter is two and one-eighth inches; that of a dollar is one and one half inches. It weighs 776 grains, or nearly twice the weight of a dollar, which is 412 1/2 grains. Its material is chiefly silver, though it possibly contains more alloy than the coins issued in the mints of the United States. Its obverse bears a bust, one and one half inches high, stamped in very bold relief. It was originally encircled by an inscription now almost illegible. Upon the reverse is the word merito, in letters so large that six of them fill more than an inch. This legend is in the midst of a wreath tied with ribbons. The leaves of the wreath are those of the cactus or prickly pear. This relic has a hole bored through it in the margin, so that it could be hung round one's neck. It was clearly minted not for a coin, but for a medal. No silver coin so heavy is noted in the currency of the world. The cactus leaves are a feature which points to Mexican origin. The word merito also is Spanish, meaning merit, or reward of merit. It seems to have been originally por merito.

It is noteworthy, that while merito is well preserved on one side of the medal, all the words on the other are well nigh obliterated. In the inscription which encircles the bust, the words Carlos, Espana and Indias are easily decipherable, and placing the medal upon a hot iron, all the legend may be made out as follows:

"Carlos III. Rey D'Espana de las Indias."

John S. Lockwood, a brother of Judge H. Lockwood, settled at Prairie du Chien in 1838. He was born in the town of Jay, Essex Co., N. Y., about 1796, and removed with his parents to Champlain, N. Y., where he grew to manhood. He was married at Plattsburg, N. Y., to Margaret L. Miller. On coming to Prairie du Chien he engaged in merchandising, and was one of the early merchants of Lower Town, and afterward engaged in business at Upper Town. His wife died in September, 1839, and was the first one buried in the cemetery at Lower Town. Mr. Lockwood married for his second wife, Hannah R. Morley, born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and died in Chicago, in 1881. He died in 1868. Besides Judge Lockwood, two brothers, Ezekiel and William, have also been residents of Crawford county; also a sister, Samantha. Mr. Lockwood had eight children by first marriage, four of whom are living --- Mrs. Ralph Smith, Hannah P., Carrie H. and James E. His surviving children by second marriage are --- Charles R., Nettie and Lizzie B. Charles R. enlisted at the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, and on the organization of the 43d Wisconsin regiment he was promoted to a 2d lieutenancy, and appointed to drill the 43d, which was stationed at Prairie du Chien. He served through the war, and was for some time a member of Gen. Sherman's staff.

A jail of hewn logs (oak) with two apartments was built in 1820 or 1821, in the old village, and was burned in 1834. It was erected in the rear of village lot No. 17. The house was about 25x16 feet, and divided by the same kind of logs into a debtors' and criminals' apartments. At this old log jail, a sergeant of the 1st regiment of United States Infantry was hung, in 1828, for shooting Lieut. McKinzie of the same regiment; and in 1833 a soldier of that regiment was executed there for shooting Sergeant Coffin in the new Fort Crawford. This was the only building erected for county purposes until 1835, when the contract for a stone, combined court house and jail was let to William Wilson for $3,695. It was completed the same year. This was the first court house in the territory. Thomas Street and H. L. Dousman were the building committee. Michael Brisbois donated the lot. It was a stone building of sufficient size to have on the ground floor a room each for criminals and debtors, and two rooms for the jailor, with a court room and two jury rooms on the second floor. The taxable inhabitants then in the county were confined to the Prairie. The county was still a part of Michigan Territory and so well were the county affairs managed that the taxes were not raised more than five mills on the dollar to pay for this improvement. This was the first court house in Wisconsin. Stone offices were afterward built at a cost of $800, and occupied until the completion of the present court house. The latter edifice is situated upon the site of the first court house, the county having secured the entire block. It is a large and substantial limestone structure of three stories, with cut caps, corners and water-tables, the lower, or half-basement story containing the jail apartments and sheriff's residence. The next floor is divided into offices and jury rooms, while the upper story constitutes a capacious court room. The cost of the building was $23,800, and was erected in 1867-8. H. L. Dousman, H. Beach and William Dutcher were the building committee.

But few, if any, localities along the Mississippi river afford better facilities and more charming attractions to the tourist and summer traveler than that of Prairie du Chien.

To the lover of the gun no portion of southern Wisconsin affords more facilities for hunting than does this location. Among the bluffs and in the woodland are found deer, partridge, quail, rabbits and prairie chickens; on the bottom lands and islands the various species of water fowl, snipe and wood cock abound in almost unlimited quantities. It has long since been a favorite resort for sportsmen from the eastern part of the State and is rapidly grow-in favor since the sinking of the Artesian wells.

Fishing, in which nearly all classes take delight, is unsurpassed. The rivers abound with the finest specimens of pickerel, black bass, wall eyed pike, white and striped bass; and in the streams which flow through the coulees or ravines, especially that of Sioux coulee, large numbers of fine brook trout are taken. In the river, fishing at the mouth of the Wisconsin and Yellow rivers, that empty into the Mississippi from the Iowa side are favorite resorts.

To the geologist no portion of the northwest affords better opportunities for investigation, as a section of the rocks is here exposed to view to a depth from the surface of the bluffs of 400 feet, exposing the lower shell-beds of the Trenton, the entire St. Peter's and the most of the lower Magnesian limestone, in which are found many fine fossiliferous specimens, well preserved, and standing out in bold relief, where the strata are well separated.

To the archeologist this locality is one of the most interesting in the west, as here there are many untouched mounds upon the prairies and the points of the bluffs; and they extend all through the country, as these old denizens were fish eaters, and loved to dwell adjacent to streams of considerable magnitude. Evidence everywhere exists of the old dwellers, as large shell heaps, broken pottery and numerous utensils have been incidently found belonging once to this people. It matters not what the object of one's visit to Prairie du Chien be, he can for a time be agreeably and profitably entertained. If he comes for health, he has the benefit of the best well water in the world, and superior medical attendance; if it is for pleasure, no pleasanter drives can be found anywhere. The summits of the bluffs, from which the most magnificent views of the Mississippi and Wisconsin are obtained, are easily accessible by carriage; if he comes for sport, hunting and fishing invites his attention, and a day's sport is always followed by good results, and if he comes for geological investigations or sight seeing the far famed pictured rocks on the Iowa side, but three miles below the city, are unsurpassed for beauty of formation and magnificent scenery. The people, too, are always willing to contribute to one's entertainment, and a more delightful society can be found nowhere.

Over a century of years have passed into the annals of history since Jonathan Carver found upon the east bank of the upper Mississippi a small village of French fur traders, and half breeds called "Prairie des Chiens." French Canadians, seeking a more western trading point and supply depot, found here a cordial and generous welcome. The different tribes of hostile Indians were drawn to the spot by the oily tongue of the trader and alluring display of fancy colored blankets and trinkets, and brought their furs to exchange for powder, shot and whisky. John Jacob Astor founded that now extinct, but then most powerful organization known as the American Fur Company, at this point, and for years controlled the great fur trade of the north and west. Fort Crawford was erected, by our government, garrisoned by able and efficient soldiers, and "Prairie des Chiens" assumed a martial air. For three score years it boasted of being the greatest trading point in the northwest, and this assertion was well founded. American white settlers commenced pouring in about 1820, and the rapid influx of civilization drove the aboriginal inhabitants farther north and west. Churches and schools were erected on the site of former trading tents and supply warehouses, and the surprised and revengeful Winnebago was slowly and mercilessly driven back into the rapidly disappearing forests. At one time, Prairie des Chiens was almost a city when Chicago contained but a stockade and a few cabins. Now, all is changed, and the Prairie des Chiens of old, has departed forever. The present beautiful city contains a thrifty, enterprising population, and but few landmarks remain of her early glory. The pioneer settler has been "sleeping with his fathers" for years upon years, and his children's children tread where his footsteps were wont to go. But in the midst of all the business bustle and activity of the present day, the heart will sometimes turn back to "pioneer times," and wonder as to its first settlement and growth. Old time memories and associations still linger around the old fort and long familiar points on the mighty "Father of Waters," and are recalled with interest and pleasure, by the pioneers' descendants. The earlier settlers were French, and have left no record behind, of their parentage, or life pursuits, but the American settler has been more solicitous for his posterity, and in this work has transmitted to his descendants the history of a life well spent. The following personal sketches, together with those in the pioneer and reministic chapters, are intended to preserve this doubly valuable record, and also present the histories of those who have been largely instrumental in developing the present flourishing city. They are men known mostly throughout the whole surrounding country for their sterling business qualifications and unblemished characters.

John H. Folsom, a pioneer of Prairie du Chien, of 1836, is the son of Jeremiah and Octavia (How) Folsom, and was born Dec. 27, 1812, in eastern Maine, and until about fourteen years of age, lived in Skowhegan, Somerset county. When a lad he entered the service of a rich mercantile firm of Bath, as store boy. He was promoted to clerk, and subsequently sent to Africa, as supercargo, of the merchant ship, Transit. On his return from Africa to Bath, he quit the service of this company and went to Bangor, thence to Boston, Mass., from there to Toledo, Ohio, and in 1835, to Mt. Clemens, Mich. In January, 1836, he came to Prairie du Chien and wrote in the quartermaster's department and sutler's store, then was a bookkeeper for J. H. Lockwood, until he was married. After this, he engaged in farming. He was elected justice of the peace at an early day, holding that office several years. He was chosen chairman of the town board of Prairie du Chien, being re-elected several times. He was married at Prairie du Chien, Dec. 2, 1839, to Angelina M., daughter of John B. Pion. Mrs. Folsom was born in this town, her people being among the early pioneers. They had one daughter --- Caroline, who died in infancy. Mrs. Folsom died Jan. 11, 1882. Mr. Folsom has an adopted daughter --- Annie J., who is the companion of his old age. Nearly half a century has passed since Mr. Folsom selected his home on these prairies. His early neighbors were the Indians and French, and in his time he has witnessed many curious scenes. His memory is clear, and of all the old settlers left, few, if any, can give so accurate an account of the interesting events that have transpired in this region in the past forty-seven years. Mr. Folsom's home is on farm lot No. 24, just north of the city.

Samuel Adams Clark located at Prairie du Chien in 1838. He was born in Whiting township, Addison Co., Vt., Oct. 22, 1810. He learned the trade of wheelwright and carriage maker in his youth, also that of blacksmith and painter, and subsequently that of carpenter and joiner, working at the latter trade for fourteen years. When twenty-one years of age he went to Westport, Essex Co., N. Y., where he resided five years. He then removed to Prairie du Chien, arriving June 18, 1838. On coming to this place he worked at the carpenter and joiner trade, one of his first jobs being on the quarters of the commanding officers of Fort Crawford. In June, 1840, he opened a general store at Lower Town, then the business center of Prairie du Chien. In 1844 he opened another store at Garnaville, Iowa, where he also bought grain. Three years later he moved his stock to Clayton, Iowa, where he carried on business for several years, building up an extensive trade. He also put up several buildings at that place and was largely interested in real estate. Six years later he removed his stock to Viroqua, Vernon Co., Wis., having previously erected a large store at that place. He was in business there five years. He also laid out the town site of Marion, Minn., erected a large store building and stocked it with general merchandise. Mr. Clark had at one time seven different stores in operation, including the original store at Prairie du Chien. He also became interested in farming, and now has 350 acres of land, the care of which occupies his principal time. He continued in the mercantile business twenty-two years, during which time he acquired the reputation of an enterprising and fair dealing merchant. Mr. Clark was also interested in railroad matters, aiding and encouraging the opening of this region to the commerce of the world. Mr. Clark was married, at Prairie du Chien, Jan. 19, 1844, to Adelia M. Richards. They had seven children, four sons and three daughters --- Pamelia S., wife of Joel C. Smith, of Chicago; Cornillo, a merchant of Menomonee, Dunn Co., Wis.; Elmira, wife of George Morsey, of Moberly, Mo.; Danoin A., a resident of Missouri; Walter A., of Centralia, Mo.; Eda, wife of Edwin Paff, of St. Louis, Mo.; Ernest L., residing on the homestead. Mrs. Clark died July 16, 1870. Mr. Clark was married Nov. 9, 1873, to Frances, daughter of O. F. Reynolds, and born in Rock Co., Wis. They had two children --- Mary, who died aged two years, and Adams S. The name of Adams in the Clark family came through Mr. Clark's mother, who was kin to John Quincy Adams.

Edward P. Lockart, lumber merchant, is one of the earliest pioneers of Prairie du Chien. He is the son of Robert and Sarah Lockart, and was born Jan. 20, 1816, in Chester Co., Penn. In the spring of 1839, he moved to Mineral Point, Wis. Ter., residing in that place until June, 1841, when he came to Prairie du Chien. In 1843 he was appointed deputy sheriff of Crawford county, under sheriff Robert D. Lester, who was shot by an Indian while coming down the river in his canoe. Mr. Lockart was elected sheriff in the fall of 1844, serving 1845 and 1846. During his term of office, his jurisdiction extended to Lake Superior, and included the territory now the site of the city of St. Paul. He was chosen sergeant-at-arms of the Senate in the last Territorial Legislature, and the first in the State Senate of 1848-9. In 1852 he engaged in the lumber business near Chippewa Falls, where he had an interest in a saw-mill. In 1854 his company opened a lumber yard at Prairie du Chien, which they operated until 1857. In 1867 Mr. Lockart engaged in the lumber business alone. Mr. Lockart was married in November, 1845, at Burlington, Iowa, to Mrs. Esther A. Lester, widow of Robert D. Lester and daughter of Jesse Danley. Mrs. Lockart was born in Meadville, Penn., coming to Prairie du Chien with her parents, in 1837. They have had five children, three of whom are living --- W. S., wife of B. F. Fay, of this city; Martha and Edward P. Mary died in 1880 and Robert died, aged three years. The youngest son, Edward P., is a practicing physician, and a recent graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York city.

Julius Famechon, one of the pioneer merchants of Prairie du Chien, is the son of Constant S. and Melanie (Baillet) Famechon, and was born Sept. 22, 1824, in the department of Pas de Calais, France. He grew to manhood in his native country, and in 1848, emigrated to the United States. He spent the winter in St. Louis, Mo., and in March, 1849, came to Prairie du Chien, Wis., where he formed a partnership with Augustus Gaillard in the mercantile business, starting in a small way as their means would permit. They were very successful, and their business rapidly increased. This partnership continued until the death of Mr. Gaillard, which occurred in 1864, since which time Mr. Famechon has conducted the business alone. He now carries a stock of $15,000. Mr. Famechon has extended his business interests in other directions. He is now the proprietor of the Merchant Flouring Mill at this place. This mill has three run of buhrs, and has a milling capacity of seventy-five barrels of flour per day. He has an elevator for storage, with a capacity of 25,000 bushels. He also has an oil mill, where rape and flaxseed are converted into linseed oil. Mr. Famechon is a large real estate owner. Beside his city property, he has a fine farm of 1,000 acres in Eastman town. He has been in mercantile business at Prairie du Chien longer than any one now here. Starting with limited means, he has, by strict attention to business, and by fair and cautious treatment of his customers, built up a large business. He was married, in Prairie du Chien, in 1858, to Ada Jenkins, born in Kentucky. They have two children --- Julius C. and Melanie.

Charles Grelle, son of Christopher Grelle, was born in Millhausen, Alsace-on-the-Rhine, Germany, Jan. 21, 1845. He emigrated to America with his parents in 1849, coming directly to Prairie du Chien, Wis. He received a common school education and learned the cabinet maker's trade in his father's shop. After the death of his father, Dec. 27, 1880, Charles succeeded to the business. Mr. Grelle has a well stocked cabinet shop, just east of the Commercial House. He was married at Wauzeka, Wis., Dec. 29, 1854, to Caroline, daughter of Henry Streckey, born in Crawford Co., Wis. They have seven children, four boys and three girls --- Charles, William, Frederick, Caroline, Mary, Emma and Edward.

Christopher Grelle was born in Hanover, Germany, Aug. 13, 1813. He learned the trade of cabinet making and became a very skillful workman. He was married in Alsace, Germany, to Louisa Riiff. They had one son, Charles, now of Prairie du Chien. Mr. Grelle emigrated to the United States in 1849, and came at once to Prairie du Chien, where he opened the first cabinet shop in that village. Mr. Grelle was an industrious and skillful workman, and carried on the business successfully, until his death, which occurred Dec. 27, 1880. Mr. Grelle was a member of the city council of 1879. He was universally esteemed and respected by his fellow citizens.

James E. Campbell, proprietor of the billiard hall and sample room, was born in Cortland Co., New York, June 27, 1835. His father, Densmore Campbell, is of Scottish birth, and emigrated to America in childhood. He is still hale and hearty, and a resident of Prairie du Chien. James was reared to manhood in the State of New York, and received an academic education. He learned the shoemaker's trade and worked at that occupation till 1849. He then went to Whitewater, Wis. The following year he came to Crawford county, and engaged in farming in the town of Clayton. He was elected clerk of the court of this county in 1869, and removed to Prairie du Chien; was re-elected and served three terms. He was next elected county clerk and served one term; then as county treasurer one term; was again elected clerk of the court, and in 1884 was serving as city clerk. Mr. Campbell was married in Cortland Co., N. Y., in October, 1849, to Tacy daughter of John Van Allen. Mrs. Campbell was born at Dryden, Tompkins Co., N. Y. They have had six children, five of whom are living --- Edwin R., Albert E., Fred, Charles W. and Frank. The daughter, Mary T., died at the age of two years.

John G. Steiner was born in Crawford Co., Wis., May 19, 1851. His father Valentine Steiner, was a pioneer of this county of 1843. He came from the east and located on a farm in town of Eastman, Crawford county, about eleven miles northeast of Prairie du Chien. He served as justice of the peace several years and was a highly respected citizen. His death occurred Oct. 1, 1880. John G., was reared on the farm. In 1872 he entered the service of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company as pile driving man, for five years, then served as brakeman for three years. He was subsequently promoted to conductor, and since 1882 has held the position of conductor of transfer. Mr. Steiner was married in April 1875, to Mary, daughter of Charles Lang. She was born in Crawford county. They have two children --- Nellie and Clara.

Andrew Bosch was born Dec. 6, 1822 in Wurtemburg, Germany. He is the son of John G. Bosch, and was reared in his native country. In 1848 he married Barbara Schenser, and in 1851 emigrated to the United States. The first year in this country was spent in Toledo, Ohio. In 1852 he came to Prairie du Chien and engaged in farming, about three miles north of the city. He lived on his farm about nineteen years and then moved into the city, engaging in the beer bottling business in connection with Schuman & Menges, brewers. He still owns his farm of 280 acres which he has let under lease. Mr. and Mrs. Bosch had three children, one son and two daughters --- Frederick, Mary and Jossie. An unfortunate mental trouble on the part of Mrs. Bosch caused a legal separation from her husband, and she returned to Germany. Mr. Bosch was married, in 1872, at Prairie du Chien, to Mrs. Catharine Bauer, widow of Charles Bauer and daughter of George Albricht. She was born in Wurtemburg, Germany. They have one child --- Thusnelda. Mr. Bosch is a gentleman of fine literary attainments, and has written many poems that have been published in the German press and magazines, and which have been received with good favor. His friends have advised the collection and publication of his writings in book form, but he has not felt disposed to undertake the task.

T. B. Norris, southeast corner Church and Bluff streets, staple and fancy groceries, carries a stock of about $1,500. The business was established by Martin Coleman and M. E. Norris in November, 1882. Coleman sold to T. B. Norris May 16, 1883, and M. E. Norris still remains in the business as manager. T. B. Norris was born at Prairie du Chien in May, 1852. His father, James Norris, who was then proprietor of a cooper shop at this place, died the same year. Mr. Norris is also proprietor of a liquor store and sample room on Church street.

M. E. Norris was born at the Norris farm in the town of Prairie du Chien, Dec. 12, 1852, and assisted on the farm until 1869, when he began teaching a district school. He kept on teaching successfully until 1877, when he was elected county superintendent of schools, as a democrat, and served for the term of two years. He then studied law, and was admitted to the bar at Richland Center, in April, 1881, but never went into the practice. Mr. Norris was also town clerk of the town of Prairie du Chien from 1873 to 1878. He was twice married; first to Mary A. Dunne, by whom he had one child --- Kittie, who is living. Mary A. died Nov. 20, 1878, just one year from the date of her marriage. He was married to his present wife, Laura Denning, at LaCrosse, June 4, 1883.

S. Rosenbaum, one of the oldest business men of Prairie du Chien, came to this city, in 1852, from LaPorte, Ind. Soon after his arrival he opened a general grocery and provision store, which he has carried on continuously for thirty-one years. Mr. Rosenbaum was twice elected mayor of the city, in 1879 and 1880, and was elected city treasurer in 1881, and re-elected in 1882 and 1883, being the present incumbent. Mr. Rosenbaum was married at LaPorte, Ind., in 1852, to Susan Wadle, daughter of Andrew Wadle. They have had eight children, five yet living --- Mary, Emma, Ida, William and Mollie.

Maj. Edward A. Whaley, postmaster at Prairie du Chien, is a native of Athens Co., Ohio, born July 12, 1837. In 1841, his parents, Alvin and Elizabeth Whaley, removed to Muscatine, Iowa, and in 1852 to Prairie du Chien, Wis., where Edward learned the cooper's trade and worked at it until 1861. Soon after the war began in that year, he enlisted for three years, as a private in company C, 6th regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, it being the first company to enter the service from Prairie du Chien. In the battle of South Mountain, Aug. 14, 1862, he was wounded by a rifle ball, which passed through his left leg below the knee, breaking the bones so badly that the hospital surgeon insisted upon amputating the limb, and it was only by persistent and determined pluck in resisting, that the wounded man saved what is now a sound and healthy leg. But it was nearly eleven months before he was able to join his regiment. Mr. Whaley was promoted to the office of 1st sergeant of his company Sept. 1, 1862, serving in that capacity up to the time the regiment re-enlisted, soon after which, July 15, 1864, he was commissioned captain of his company of veterans. In the battle in front of Petersburg, Va., he was wounded a second time by a gun-shot in the right foot. And at the battle of Five Forks, one of the last engagements of the war, on April 1, 1865, while commanding his regiment, captain Whaley was shot through the right thigh, shattering the bone and rendering amputation necessary. He was breveted major from the date of this battle for gallant and meritorious conduct. Maj. Whaley was mustered out of service in August, 1865, retiring, halt and battle-scarred, but leaving behind him a proud record, each scar and the empty pantaloons leg which he carries being an eloquent testimonial of his bravery as a soldier and a patriot. Among the battles he participated in were Gainsville and Bull Run, Aug. 28 to 31, 1862; South Mountain, Sept. 14, 1862; Mine Run, Va., Wilderness, Va., May 5, 1864; Spotsylvania, Va., May 8, 1864; Laurel Hill, Va., May 8, 1864; Jericho Ford, Va., May 25, 1864; Cold Harbor, Va., June 2, 1864; Petersburg, Va., June 18, 1864; Hatcher's Run, Va., Feb. 6, 1865; Gravelly Run, Va., March 31, 1865; and Five Forks, Va., where he lost his leg. On returning from the war, Major Whaley was given a clerkship in the postoffice at Prairie du Chien, and on Feb. 1, 1866, was appointed postmaster at that place, and has held the office by re-appointment up to the present time. He still cherishes his love for the gun and is very fond of hunting and target shooting, and has won the reputation of being the best rifle shot in this part of the country. On Oct. 30, 1865, Maj. Whaley was united in marriage with Adelia, daughter of William Ryan, of Harper's Ferry, Iowa. She was born in Cumberland Co., Md. William A. is the only child of this union. Mrs. Whaley died June 10, 1868. Mr. Whaley again married June 20, 1872, at Glen Haven, Wis., Adda, daughter of Walter Sprague, and a native of Michigan. They have but one child --- Adda M. Whaley.

Peter Nolan, secretary and bookkeeper for H. L. Dousman, was born in county Wexford, Ireland, Feb. 10, 1847. He emigrated with his parents to America in 1849. They spent four years in St. Louis, Mo., and in 1853 came to Prairie du Chien, Wis. He was reared on a farm and educated in the public schools and at the Prairie du Chien College, of which he is a graduate. He began teaching school when quite young and for two years was principal of the Prairie du Chien city schools. In 1874 Mr. Nolan engaged with H. L. Dousman as private secretary and business manager of Mr. Dousman's Wisconsin property.

Lawrence Case, of L. Case & Co., merchants, is the son of C. N. Case, and was born Aug. 27, 1834, in Harwinton, Conn. He was reared in his native State and in 1852 went to California, spending nearly three years in San Francisco. He returned to Connecticut in 1855 and the following year came to Prairie du Chien with his father, and opened a general store under the firm name of L. Case & Co. The present firm, which was formed in 1870, is composed of Lawrence Case and Alexander McDonald. They have the most extensive mercantile house in the county, having four large store rooms and carrying an average stock of $30,000. They also have branch stores in Wauzeka and Mount Sterling, Wis., also a branch grocery and provision store in the upper part of the city. Mr. Case was married in September, 1859, at Lawrence, Kan., to Miss E. F. Avery. They have four children living, two boys and two girls --- Edmund L., Carrie, Charles and Laura. Louis died aged nine years.

Marcus Friederich, son of John and Regina Friederich, was born Dec. 13, 1833, in Baden, Germany. He served a regular apprenticeship to the harness and saddler's trade in his native country, and in 1854 came to America. He worked at his trade in Portage City, Wis., and also in Madison, Wis., and Dubuque, Iowa. In the fall of 1855 he came to Prairie du Chien and worked as a journeyman harness maker until the spring of 1856, when he bought out his employer, and has since conducted the business. He employs from four to six men, manufactures light and heavy harness and general saddlery, carrying an average stock of from $2,000 to $3,000. Mr. Friederich was married May 14, 1857, at Prairie du Chien, to Christiana Frankenhoff, natives of Prussia. They have had eleven children, seven of whom are living --- Alice R., Bertha A., John M., Gertrude E., Heinrich W., Alexander A. and George B.; Mary C. died in infancy; Emila E. died aged two years, one month and three weeks; William E. and Wilhelmina, twins, died in infancy.

Dexter G. Harris, senior member of the manufacturing firm of Harris & Benson, was born in Franklin Co., Mass., Dec. 23, 1820. He is the son of Beriah and Tryphena (Gleason) Harris. His youth and early manhood were passed under the vigorous rules of a New England home of fifty years ago. The habits of industry and sobriety inculcated there have been the basis of a useful and temperate life of sixty odd years. Mr. Harris came to Prairie du Chien in the fall of 1855 and engaged in the manufacture of steel plows and cultivators and has continued the business without interruption to this date (1884). He was married in Belvidere, Ill., in November, 1850, to Charlotte Benson. They have two sons. The eldest, Albert, is married and employed as operator and station agent at Adams, Minn. The younger, Jay L., is station agent at Worthing, Dak.

Charles A. Mathews, proprietor of a livery stable, is the son of Andrew Mathews, and was born in Clinton Co., N. Y., town of Champlain, March 6, 1847. In 1855 he came to Prairie du Chien, Wis., with his parents. He learned the trade of a machinist and practical engineer. He began in the livery business in 1866, but the following spring, entered the service of the Northwestern Union Packet Company, as engineer, still retaining his interest in the livery business. He continued in the employ of the packet company ten years. At the expiration of this time, he re-opened in the livery business at Prairie du Chien. He now has a first-class livery, board and sale stable, situated in the central part of the city. He was married at Prairie du Chien, in 1866, to Carrie Atherton. One child was born to them, a daughter --- Emma. Mrs. Mathews died in October, 1881.

Theodore Schumann, son of Gottlieb and Christiana Schumann, was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, Jan. 30, 1830. He learned the brewer's trade in Germany. In 1849 he emigrated to the United States, and settling in Ohio he engaged in farming for a short time, subsequently working at his trade in Cincinnati. In 1853 he moved to Guttenburg, Iowa, engaging in the brewing business. In 1855 he came to Prairie du Chien, and formed a partnership with Otto Georgii, under the firm name of Schumann & Georgii. They built the Prairie Brewery and conducted the business successfully for a time. Subsequently Mr. Georgii sold out in 1868 to Mr. Kappel, and he, in 1870, to Mr. Menges. In 1872 the brewery burned down, and the new brewery was built under the name of City Brewery, and now produces about 6,000 barrels annually. They also have a well improved farm near the city. He was married at Prairie du Chien, Dec. 30, 1857, to Caroline, daughter of Dr. Faeger, of Woodsville, Ohio. Mrs. Schumann was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, emigrating to America in childhood. They have six children, two sons and four daughters --- Ida, Emma, Mary, Louisa, Theodore and Willie.

John George Schweizer was born April 23, 1827, at Grossbettlinzen, Germany. He served a regular apprenticeship to the tailor's trade, and was engaged in that line of work until 1851, when he emigrated to the United States. He located at Dayton, Ohio, for a short time, then removed to Madison, Wis. In 1855 he came to Prairie du Chien, working at his trade for a few years, and then opening a restaurant and sample room on Main street. This venture proved successful, and finding his quarters too small for his rapidly increasing business, he leased what was known as Kane's Hotel, a large structure containing sixty rooms. He subsequently bought this property, and operated it successfully until November, 1873, when it was destroyed by fire, by which event Mr. Schweizer sustained a heavy loss. However, he had prospered so well previously, that he had become a prominent property owner. Previous to this time he had built the fine three-story brick block at the corner of Bluff and Prairie streets, now known as the Commercial Hotel, and owned and operated by his widow and family. At the time of the fire, the upper floors of this block were used for public halls, and offices, while the first floor was used for business purposes. As soon as he could get possession Mr. Schweizer, converted this building into a hotel, naming it the Commercial House. He continued in the business until the time of his death, which occurred May 11, 1882. Mr. Schweizer was widely and favorably known as an enterprising and honorable citizen. He made money in a legitimate business, and as promptly invested it in substantial improvements which benefitted the public as well as himself. He was a man of liberal ideas, and active in the cause of education. He was the first director of the German School Association, and a member of the city board of education. He also served as a member of the city council. In every position of public honor or trust, he was always found competent and reliable. He was an active member of several secret and benevolent societies. His funeral was conducted by the Odd Fellows and Ancient Order of United Workmen. Mr. Schweizer was married at Prairie du Chien, Oct. 11, 1857, and this union has been blessed with three children --- J. George, born July 22, 1862; Charles H., born Feb. 18, 1865, and Clara A., born Aug. 10, 1868.

E. M. Wright, druggist, is the son of N. A. and Adeline Wright, and was born Jan. 6, 1844 in Danby, Tompkins Co., N. Y. In 1855, he came with his parents to Prairie du Chien, Wis. He was educated in the city schools, learning the drug business in his father's store. In April, 1864, he enlisted in the 50th regiment, Wisconsin Volunteers, and was appointed hospital steward of that regiment, serving until the close of the war. His father, N. A. Wright, was then carrying on the drug business in company with his brother, Emery. On the night of Jan. 11, 1869, Emery Wright was killed, while in the act of defending the store against burglars. E. M. Wright succeeded his uncle, as his father's partner, this connection continuing until the death of his father, which occurred Sept. 11, 1872. Mr. Wright has since conducted the business, for himself and mother, under the firm name of E. M. Wright & Co. He carries a general stock of drugs, medicines, books, stationery, etc. He was married at Prairie du Chien, April 14, 1868, to Laura, daughter of P. I. Adams, born in Lancaster, Wis. They have three children, one son and two daughters --- Elmer E., Mertie, and Nettie. The daughters are twins.

Thomas L. Brower, son of Thomas L., and Magdalene Brower, was born Jan. 29, 1821, in New York city. He learned the cabinet maker's trade in his father's shops, in New Jersey, and subsequently engaged in the hard wood lumber business, in New York. In 1856 he came to Prairie du Chien, then a thriving place with magnificent prospects. He formed a partnership in the wholesale drug business with Charles S. Van Duzer, under the firm name of Brower & Van Duzer. In two years, this connection was dissolved by mutual consent. Mr. Brower continued the business alone, and Mr. Van Duzer returned east. The latter was killed in the late war. Mr. Brower, in view of the local demand, increased his business by adding a stock of general merchandise. His business stand was a large brick building, situated on the west side of Front street, Lower Town. At this time the Milwaukee & Mississippi railroad had its depots at Lower Town, and a ferry connected Lower Town with McGregor. The bulk of Mr. Brower's trade came from the west of the river, he having a large trade with Iowa emigrants and settlers. In 1875 he moved to his present stand nearly opposite the old one. His present store is a double building, 50x70 feet, making two fine stores. His stock is about $7,000. In addition to his Lower Town establishment, he has a drug and grocery store, in Upper Town under the management of his son Arthur. Mr. Brower was married at New York city, in May, 1850, to Anna C., youngest daughter of John Battin, a soldier of the British army, who came to this country during the War of the Revolution, with Admiral Lord Howe, who appointed him, with others, as body guard to Prince William Henry, afterwards King William IVth, who was then a midshipman in the British navy, and on a visit to this country. He served during the war, and when the British troops evacuated, he had become so infatuated with America, that he was not found amongst the soldiers that returned home. He lived to the remarkable age of 100 years, and up to the last year of his life, clung to the old-fashioned costume of white stockings, and knee breeches. Mrs. Brower was born in New York city. They have had four children, one of whom is living --- Arthur. Mr. Brower is an enterprising citizen, and has endeavored to improve the city and make it attractive. His own home is a model of beauty and comfort. Opposite his house, Mr. Brower has an elegant little park, containing a large fountain of mineral water, which supplies a miniature lake. Well shaded walks and smooth lawns lead to a tasty summer house. This delightful spot has been perfected by Mr. Brower in his leisure hours. It has been the ambition of his life, to make for himself and family, an attractive home. That he has succeeded beyond a doubt, would be the opinion of every one who visited that favored spot. Mr. Brower has served in various local offices. He has been a member of the board of education, almost continuously, since his location here, and for the past six years has been its president. He has also served on the county board, and in the city council. He has been a candidate for the Legislature on the republican ticket, being defeated by only five votes. His friends were too confident of his success, to make a vigorous effort.

Arthur Brower, son of Thomas L. Brower, was born in Hoboken, N. J., Sept. 10, 1856. He came to Prairie du Chien with his parents when but a few months old. He received his education in the city schools and in the Protestant College of this place. He made a study of pharmacy and is a regularly registered pharmacist. On the opening, July 4, 1880, of the drug and grocery store by his father, Arthur was placed in charge and has continued to conduct the business since that time. It is a neat and well stocked drug and grocery store and carries a stock varying from $4,000 to $5,000. The proprietor is the manufacturer of and wholesale dealer in the medicine known as McFarlane's cough and consumption cure, a popular remedy. Mr. Brower was married Sept. 9, 1880, at Beloit, Wis., to Kate Gaston, daughter of N. B. Gaston.

Orson Jackson, retired merchant, was born in Westford town, Otsego Co., N.Y., Aug. 22, 1824. He is a graduate of the State Normal School of New York, and in 1846 adopted the profession of teacher. He taught in his native State, until 1851, when he removed to Ypsilanti, Mich., being employed one year and nine months as principal of the Ypsilanti Union Seminary. He left the seminary to accept the position of professor of mathematics in the State Normal School of the same city. In 1856, Mr. Jackson gave up that chair and came to Prairie du Chien, forming a partnership with Edward W. Pelton, senior member of the firm of A. Pelton & Co., and Mr. Charles Wright. This firm did an extensive business in general merchandise and produce, and for years was the most important mercantile house in Crawford county. Mr. Jackson continued in business until 1875, when he retired, and has since devoted his time to the care of his farm. He has been prominently identified with the educational interests of the county. In the early days, under the old system, he was township superintendent of schools. In 1864 and 1865, he was county superintendent of schools, and during the existence of Prairie du Chien College, from 1865 to 1870, was a member of the board of trustees. Mr. Jackson was married at Ithaca, N.Y., Feb. 2, 1858, to Mary E., daughter of Francis E. Reed. Mrs. Jackson was born in New York city, and is a graduate of the New York State Normal School and of the Oneida Conference Seminary, of Cazenovia. Prior to her marriage, Mrs. Jackson had devoted considerable time to teaching. They have two sons --- John T. and Francis R.

Michael Menges, of the firm of Schumann & Menges, brewers, is the son of John N. Menges. He was born at Baden, Germany, Feb. 13, 1833, and came to the United States in 1849. He learned the carpenter trade at Philadelphia, being employed in that business until the fall of 1855, when he returned to Germany. The following spring he again came to this country, settling in Prairie du Chien, where he was soon extensively engaged as contractor and builder. He also kept hotel for three years. In 1870, he formed a partnership with Theodore Schumann in the brewing business, under the firm name of Schumann & Menges, which has continued up to the present time. This brewery produces 6,000 barrels of beer annually. Mr. Menges is one of the most energetic, pushing business men of the city. Outside of his brewing business he is still engaged in contracting and building, and has just closed the contract for building the basement of the addition to the College of the Sacred Heart, at this place. Mr. Menges was elected sheriff of Crawford county for the term of 1867-8, was coroner in 1862, and township treasurer in 1870. He is the present efficient chief of the Prairie du Chien fire department, and superintendent of the Prairie du Chien Mechanical, Agricultural & Driving Park Association. He was married at Prairie du Chien, May 16, 1858, to Catharine, daughter of Peter Schmitz. She was born in Prussia and emigrated to this county in 1853. Mr. and Mrs. Menges have had ten children, seven girls and three boys, seven of whom are living --- Mary, wife of Otto A. Watzke, of McGregor, Iowa; Elizabeth, wife of William Werder, also of McGregor; Frank, Minnie, Edward, Theodore and Emma. Ida died aged eleven years; Fannie died aged three years; Susanna died in infancy.

Jac Raffauf, one of the pioneers of Crawford county of 1856, and for many years a popular county and city officer, was born in Prussia, Aug. 28, 1833. He emigrated to the United States in 1852, and located in Cassville, Grant Co., Wis., where he made his home till 1856, then came to Prairie du Chien and engaged in mercantile business. In 1860 he was elected register of deeds of Crawford county, and re-elected three times, holding, in all, eight years. He was subsequently elected county clerk for two years, and also town and city treasurer, and held those offices eight years. He was also assessor, and a member of the school board. In 1870 he erected the fine brick block opposite the postoffice, where he was engaged in mercantile business. The commercial crisis of 1873 found him like many others, and he was obliged to close up his business. He started immediately in the wine and liquor business, and has since succeeded very well. Mr. Raffauf now has a tasty sample room and billiard hall, nearly opposite the Commercial House, which is becoming a very popular resort for the better class of people. He was married in Paris, France, Dec. 13, 1857, to Margaretta, daughter of John Eggert. Mrs. Raffauf was born in Coblentz, Germany. Owing to Mr. Raffauf not being a citizen of France at the time of his marriage, there arose some question as to the validity of the ceremony. So on their arrival in the city of New York, they were re-married Dec. 30, 1857. Mr. and Mrs. Raffauf have six children, three sons and three daughters --- Bertha, Ida, Alvina, Alexander, Frank and Max.

John Ackerley was born in England, at Runcorn, on the river Mersey, July 19, 1821. When of sufficient age he was placed on a farm to work. When fifteen years of age his parents died. He soon after engaged with Johnson Brothers, the well-known soap manufacturers of Runcorn. He soon left that business to enter the service of the Mersey & Irwell Carrying Company, plying on the river between Liverpool and Manchester, following that business about fifteen years. He next went to Burnley, where he was employed with the gas company and on the public works. In the summer of 1856 he emigrated to America, arriving in Wisconsin in October of that year. The following April he engaged with the Milwaukee & St. Paul railway company as check clerk, at the freight depot at Prairie du Chien, and has had general charge of the transfer of freight at this point. The immense amount of business done at this point in years past has made this a most responsible position. That he has proven himself capable and trustworthy, is apparent from the fact that he has held this position for twenty-six years, with the exception of two vacations, when he was away on visits to England. He was married in England, in 1842, to Mary, daughter of James Burrow, a prominent gun and rifle manufacturer of Preston, England. Mrs. Ackerley was born at Preston, Lancastershire, England. They had four children born to them, all natives of England. The eldest, James B., is married and resides at Prairie du Chien. His occupation is that of locomotive engineer. He has been in the employ of the Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad company since 1857, and for nine years run an engine on the main line, and during the last nine years on the transfer between Prairie du Chien and McGregor. The youngest son, John, enlisted in the British army, went to India with his regiment, and died of a fever in that country in 1876. The other two sons died in childhood.

Richard G. Matthews, senior partner of the firm of R. G. Matthews & Son, jewelers, was born Dec. 5, 1835, in Brooklyn, King's Co., N.Y. When fourteen years of age he removed with his parents to Champlain, Clinton county, and, in the fall of 1857, to Prairie du Chien, Wis. He learned the millwright trade in the east, and soon after coming to Prairie du Chien became connected with Robert Scott in the manufacture of fanning mills. He was subsequently in the employ of the Milwaukee & Prairie du Chien railroad as a mechanic. In 1867 he started in the livery business, at Prairie du Chien, in company with Mr. Needam, under the firm name of Needam & Matthews. Their means were limited and stock consequently small. Mr. Needam had four horses and Mr. Matthews one. Two years later Mr. Matthews bought out his partner and rapidly increased his stock of horses and carriages, until he had a first-class establishment. He continued the business until February, 1883, when he sold the stock and equipments to his brother, C. A. Matthews, retaining the ownership of the buildings. In March, 1883, he purchased an interest in the jewelry business of his son, D. E. Matthews, who is a practical watchmaker, and had established the business in 1879. This firm carries a well-selected stock of watches, fine jewelry and silverware, of an average value of from $5,000 to $6,000. They also deal extensively in pianos and organs. While in the livery business Mr. Matthews served as under sheriff, deputy sheriff and city marshal, holding the latter position six years. In 1875 he was appointed special State treasury agent, which office he still holds. He was married at Plattsburg, Clinton Co., N.Y., in 1855, to Laura A., daughter of Samuel Clark. She was born and raised in Clinton county. They have two children, a son and a daughter --- Del E. and Hattie.

Joseph Tilmont came to Prairie du Chien in 1857. He was born in Brussels, Belgium, in 1816. He was an officer of the Dutch army and stationed in India, where he served ten years. On his return to Brussels in 1849, he was married to Fannie Roze, daughter of Paul Roze, and born in Brussels. They had one child --- Alexander. Mr. Tilmont emigrated to America in 1856, and in 1857 came to Prairie du Chien, where he engaged in the drug business. He continued the business until 1878, when, on account of failing health he sold out. He had associated his son Alexander with him as a member of the firm some years prior to the close of his business career. He lived but a short time after retiring from business, his death occurring Feb. 28, 1879. Mr. Tilmont was held in high esteem by his neighbors and fellow citizens for his many noble qualities, both as a business man and neighbor. Mrs. Tilmont returned to Brussels in 1867 on account of failing health, and where she now intends to make her future home. Alexander Tilmont, his son, spent nearly a year in Europe just prior to his father's death. He is now a resident of Prairie du Chien, where he has business and property interests.

H. J. Benson, of the firm of Harris & Benson, manufacturers of steel plows and cultivators, was born in Onondaga Co., N.Y., in May, 1831. He was reared in New York, and moved to Rock Island, Ill., in 1852. In 1858 he came to Prairie du Chien with a brother, and opened a dry goods store. They handled a lot of plows on commission, the profitable sale of which prompted them to engage in their manufacture. They opened a factory at Prairie du Chien, and so rapidly did the business develop that at one time they were using a forty horsepower engine at their works, and making as many as 10,000 plows a year. In 1871 Mr. Benson formed the existing partnership with D. G. Harris. Mr. Benson has served as city clerk of Prairie du Chien, and has been a member of the common council. He was married in Iowa, Nov. 12, 1853, to Miss E. G. Gates, daughter of R. P. Gates. Mrs. Benson was born in Worcester, Mass. They have one child living, a daughter --- Mabel; lost two --- William, aged four years, and Edward, aged two years.

John A. Newton was born in Middlefield, Mass., in 1832. He moved to Albany, NY, in his youth, being engaged in milling at that place. In 1857 he came to Prairie du Chien, and soon after his arrival, formed a partnership with Messrs. Pelton & Wright, in the milling business, under the firm name of Pelton, Wright & Co. He was also engaged in mercantile business, dealing extensively in produce, live stock and hides. Mr. Newton was an active, enterprising business man, and was held in high esteem by his fellow-citizens. His death occurred July 24, 1881. Mr. Newton was married at Prairie du Chien in 1858, to Mary E. Parker. They have three children living --- William, James and John.

William Newton was born in Prairie du Chien in 1859. He was educated at the city schools, and at the Beloit College. He acquired a practical business education, at Boscobel, Wis., where he served four years as salesman in a mercantile house. He then returned to Prairie du Chien, and in 1882 engaged in the grocery business, also dealing in hides and pelts. He carries a full line of staple and fancy groceries, provisions, crockery and queensware, and does an annual business in this line of $25,000. In addition to his grocery trade, Mr. Newton deals entensively in hides and pelts, his business in this line averaging about $10,000 a year. He is the present secretary of the Artesian Well Company, and holds the same position with the Prairie du Chien Mechanical, Agricultural & Driving Park Association. Mr. Newton is one of the active, enterprising young business men of the city, whose success is assured.

Redmond C. Dimock, master carsmith at the yards of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad, at Prairie du Chien, was born in Dundaff township, Susquehanna Co., Penn., Oct. 1, 1820. He served a regular apprenticeship to the carpenter trade, after which he entered the service of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Railway Company. He continued with that company twelve years, during several of which he was foreman carpenter. In May, 1860, he moved from Carbondale, Penn., to Prairie du Chien, and in June following began work with this company as carpenter, and in August, 1868, was appointed to his present responsible position. Mr. Dimock has now been in the company's employ twenty-three years, and is one of its most trusted and respected employes. Mr. Dimock was married in Pennsylvania, Oct. 25, 1843, to Theresa, daughter of Carlton Kent, of that State. Mrs. Dimock was born March 21, 1821, in the same county in which her husband was born. They have had six children, three sons and three daughters, four of whom are living --- John C. is married, and agent for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, at Scotland, Dak.; Kate E., residing at home; Sarah F., wife of Charles E. Douglass, a jeweler, of Viroqua, Wis.; Charles C., telegraph operator for the railroad company at this station. Louisa E. died, aged twenty-two years; George D. died, aged two years.

Dr. Edward S. Eddy, dentist, was born in Providence, R. I., in August, 1839. He studied dentistry at the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, and graduated in the spring of 1861, after which he opened an office in Providence, R. I. He came to Wisconsin in the latter part of 1861, locating at Prairie du Chien. In August, 1862, he enlisted in company A, 31st regiment, Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry. He was appointed hospital steward, and served in the army of the Mississippi, and later under Sherman. He was discharged in July, 1865, after which he returned to Wisconsin, and opened a dental office at Lancaster, Grant county. He soon after went to Providence, R. I., but only practiced there a short time, then returned to Wisconsin, establishing an office at Milwaukee. In 1872 he went to Oshkosh, where he practiced his profession for nine years, and in 1881 returned to Prairie du Chien. In the past three years he has built up a very successful business. Dr. Eddy is thoroughly up with the times in his profession, and gives his patients the benefit of skill and experience. He has a branch office located at Bloomington, Grant Co., Wis. Dr. Eddy was married at Prairie du Chien, Feb. 19, 1868, to Sophia A., daughter of Judge Ira B. Brunson, one of the most highly respected of Crawford county's early pioneers. Mrs. Eddy was born at Prairie du Chien. Mr. and Mrs. Eddy have a family of one daughter.

David McIntyre, foreman of the blacksmith shop of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway at Prairie du Chien, was born in Maine, Dec. 2, 1820. In his youth he went to Massachusetts, where he learned the blacksmith trade. While quite young, he went on a whaling voyage of three years. He then entered the United States naval service in 1846. While on the South American coast, his ship was ordered to Mexico to participate in the war with that country. He spent three years in Mexico and California, and was in active service during the entire war. On receiving his discharge from the navy, he returned to Massachusetts, and in 1849 came to Wisconsin. He located at Milwaukee, where he worked at his trade, principally in railway shops. He began with the old Milwaukee & Mississippi Railway Company, and has been in the shops of this line under all its changes to the present time (1884). In 1861 he came to Prairie du Chien to accept his present position of foreman of the company's shops at that point. Mr. McIntyre is a master mechanic in his line of work, and is a popular man in his position, both with the officers of the road and his employes. He was married in Massachusetts in 1845, to Louisa Huff. Mrs. McIntyre is also a native of Maine. They have two daughters --- Ann, wife of James Van de Vort, of Greenfield, Wis., and Josephine, widow of William Buchanan, a resident of Prairie du Chien.

Edward Rogers, proprietor of the Sherman House, was born in the north of Ireland, in 1829. He went to England in 1853 and became a miner. In 1860 he emigrated to the United States, landing at New Orleans and spending the winter of 1860-61. He went to Missouri the following April and engaged in mining, and the same year took out his first papers at St. Louis, to become a citizen of the United States. Not being pleased with his surroundings, owing to the breaking out of the war, he left that State early in 1861, and took up his abode at Prairie du Chien. Here he became an employe of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, continuing in the service of that company about nine years. In 1864 he built a small hotel opposite where his hotel now stands, which he carried on, the house being managed by his wife while he was in the employment of the railway company. He subsequently moved his house to its present location, near the depot of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad, enlarged and improved it in 1870, and again in 1882, until he now has a large and well appointed hotel. He retired from railroad work several years ago, now devoting his entire time to the hotel business. Mr. Rogers has prospered in his affairs and is now in independent circumstances. He was married in England, in August 1858, to Ann Rooney, born in Ireland. When young she removed to England, where she was reared. They have two children born to them before leaving England, and six sons and three daughters born in America. The names of the sons are --- Charles A., John F., Edward, James P., George and William H. The daughters all died in childhood --- Mary A., aged five years, Margaret E., aged three years and Margaret E., aged seven years.

George Wachter, proprietor of a billiard hall and sample room, is the son of C. H. Wachter, and was born in the province of Saxony, Germany, June 29, 1844. He emigrated to America 1859, locating in Herkimer Co., N. Y., where he spent two years on a farm. He then came to Prairie du Chien, spending three years with his brother-in-law, J. G. Schweizer, in the hotel business. In 1864 he started in his present business. At the death of Mr. Schweizer he was appointed the administrator of the estate. Mr. Wachter is a man of good business ability and commands the respect of all. He began business with very limited means, but by industry and good management has accumulated a fine property. He owns several find brick buildings in the business center of the city.

John Knops, furniture dealer, established his business at Prairie du Chien in 1871. He was born April 16, 1837, in Luxemburg, Germany. He served a regular apprenticeship at the cabinet-making trade, working at it for about ten years in his native country. In May, 1864, he emigrated to the United States, coming direct to Prairie du Chien and engaging as a journey-man mechanic with C. Grelle, the pioneer cabinet-maker of Prairie du Chien. He continued in the employ of Mr. Grelle until 1871, when he opened his present establishment, where he keeps a general stock of furniture and house furnishing goods. Mr. Knops has been twice married. The first time in Wauzeka, Crawford Co., Wis., June 24, 1869, to Caroline, daughter of Fred Geisler. They had one child --- Lena. Mrs. Knops died eighteen months after her marriage. Mr. Knops was married June 29, 1872, at Prairie du Chien, to Mary, daughter of Louis Reinhold, and born in Mecklenberg, Schwerin, Germany. They had seven children, four of whom are living --- Louis, William, Herman and Frederick. Charles died aged two and a half years; John died aged two and a half years, and the second John died, aged sixteen months.

A. D. Lampkins, assistant cashier of the Exchange Bank of Prairie du Chien, is the son of Isaac Lampkins, and was born in Coos Co., N. H., Oct. 18, 1808. He removed with his parents to Tompkins Co., N. Y., when very young. He subsequently went to Genesee Co., N. Y. In 1856 Mr. Lampkins removed to Suspension Bridge, being connected with railway business. After spending about three years in that place he traveled until 1864, at which time he came to Prairie du Chien. Mr. Lampkins took an active part in organizing the McGregor & Western Railway, and was appointed agent at McGregor, being the first to open a railway office at that place. The road subsequently became the property of the Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad. Mr. Lampkins was associated with C. M. Seeley in the Exchange Bank of Prairie du Chien, and since the purchase of the bank by Mr. Denio he has served as assistant cashier. Mr. Lampkin was married in 1835 at West Bloomfield, Ontario Co., N. Y., to Eliza Curtis. Three children were born to them, two boys and one girl --- Morton G., the eldest, is agent of the New York & Erie Railroad at Lockport, N. Y.; Caroline E. is the wife of G. A. Rathburn, an attorney at Ridgeway, Penn.; George S. died aged sixteen years. Mrs. Lampkins died in 1843. Mr. Lampkins was married in 1880, at Prairie du Chien, to Mrs. Caroline M. Rush, widow of Henry Rush, and daughter of John Darling. She was born in Cattaraugus Co., N. Y.

A. H. Reitemeyer, manufacturer of vinegar at Lower Town, Prairie du Chien, was born in the city of Paderbarn, Westphalia, Germany, Dec. 8, 1835. He emigrated to America in 1854, locating at Freeport, Ill. He subsequently removed to Dubuque, and, in 1857, to Cassville, Wis. In 1860 he went to California, engaging in the making of wine at Los Angelos and subsequently in the wholesale and retail wine trade at San Francisco. In 1866 he returned to Wisconsin, locating at Prairie du Chien and engaging in the mercantile business at Lower Town. In 1872 he began the manufacture of vinegar. He occupies a three story brick building, uses steam power, and manufactures about 500 barrels of vinegar a year. His factory has a working capacity of 1000 barrels. Mr. Reitemeyer has served several years as a member of the board of education, and has also been a member of the city council. He was married in Prairie du Chien, May 22, 1870, to Mary, daughter of Henry B. Shneider. Mrs. Reitemeyer was born in Remagen, near Cologne, in the province of Rhine, Germany.

Garvey Brothers established themselves in the dry goods business at Prairie du Chien, in 1867. They do a strictly dry goods trade, and have a well selected stock, averaging in value about $12,000. The firm is composed of Christopher and James Garvey. Christopher Garvey, the senior member of the firm, was born in county Down, Ireland, May 1, 1833. He passed his youth in his native country, receiving a liberal education. In 1851, having lost his father, he came with his mother to the United States, settling in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1867, he came to Prairie du Chien, and entered upon his present business with his brother James. Mr. Garvey was married at Highland, Wis., Aug. 5, 1873, to Maria Trant, a native of Kenosha Co., Wis. James Garvey, junior partner of the firm of Garvey Bros., was born at Newry, county Down, Ireland, May 9, 1848. He came to America with his mother in childhood, arriving in this country in 1851. He was reared in Cleveland, Ohio, and educated in the city schools of that place. He also received a good business education. In 1867 he came to Prairie du Chien, engaging in the dry goods business with his brother, under the firm name of Garvey Brothers. Mr. Garvey has been chosen to fill various local offices, and has been prominently identified with the educational interests of Prairie du Chien. He has served several terms in the common council and was elected mayor of the city in 1881 and 1882. At the expiration of his term of office as mayor, in 1883, he was elected president of the board of education. Mr. Garvey was married at Chicago, April 4, 1880, to Jessie Burnett, born in Aberdeen, Scotland.

Mathias Chapek, proprietor of billiard hall and sample room, established his business in March, 1883. Mr. Chapek was born in Bohemia, in 1854, and emigrated to the United States in 1869. He came direct to Prairie du Chien, and engaged with the St. Paul railway company. He was engaged in various things till he engaged in his present business. Mr. Chapek is the leader of the Bohemian band, of which he was the founder, and of which a history is given elsewhere in this work.

George E. Harrington, son of Isaac and Relief Harrington, was born April 6, 1826, in Acton, Mass. He was reared on a farm, and in November, 1854, emigrated to Madison, Wis. In September, 1855, he went to Scott town, Crawford Co., Wis., where he engaged in farming. In January, 1869, having been elected sheriff of Crawford county, he removed to Prairie du Chien, and entered upon the duties of his office. The following August he purchased a half interest in the livery business with R. Matthews, and in April, 1871, he bought Mr. Matthews out, and has since continued the business alone. Mr. Harrington was elected to the Legislature of 1866. He has been a member of the county board three terms and chairman one term. He was elected city marshal in 1880 and re-elected in 1881, and 1883, being the present incumbent. Mr. Harrington was married in Richland Co., Wis., in February, 1858, to Betsy Duncan, born in Bath, N. H. They have had two children --- Charles and Arabella, who died aged six years. They also have an adopted daughter --- Annie, wife of George D. Cottrell, of Prairie du Chien. Mr. Harrington enlisted, in August, 1862, in company G., 33d regiment, Wisconsin Volunteers. On the organization of the company, he was made its 1st lieutenant, in which capacity he served till August, 1863, when he resigned from ill health. Partially recovering his health, he re-enlisted in September, 1864, in the 47th regiment of the same State and was made quartermaster sergeant of the regiment, and served as such until the regiment was mustered out, in September, 1865.

Frank Smercina, proprietor of the Parlor saloon was born in Bohemia, Dec. 15, 1845. He emigrated to the United States in 1869, going direct to Prairie du Chien, Wis. He entered the service of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway company, continuing with them several years. In 1877, he started in his present business, and has prospered beyond his expectations. He was married in Bohemia, in 1868, to Mary Cunat, born in Bohemia. They have four children, one girl, and three boys --- Mary, Wenzee, John and Thomas.

James H. McDonald superintendent of schools of Crawford county was born at Hartford, Conn., July 8, 1853. In 1859, when but six years of age, he accompanied his parents to Madison, Wis., and subsequently to Richland Centre, Richland county, where he received his primary education. He commenced teaching at the age of sixteen years, and thus procured the means to defray his expenses at school. He took a regular course at Prairie du Chien high school, and, on the completion of his studies, resumed teaching, which profession, he has followed for the past twelve years. In the fall of 1879, he was elected to his present position, and re-elected in 1881, his second term expiring Jan. 1, 1885. Mr. McDonald is a competent and popular officer, and has discharged the duties of his office with ability and fidelity. On May 30, 1867, he met with a serious misfortune in a railroad accident, and sustained the loss of his right arm. He was married at Prairie du Chien, Jan. 13, 1880, to Mrs. B. M. O'Neill, daughter of M. O'Neill. Mrs. McDonald is a native of Prairie du Chien. They have two sons - Joseph D., and John F. Mr. McDonald resides in the village of Eastman. Mr. McDonald is the first county superintendent, ever re-elected in the county. His success in this respect, is owing to his industry, honesty of purpose, and straight forward dealings with the public. He carried the county by 350 majority, the usual vote of the district being close.

Walter Newick, proprietor of the Tremont House, opposite the St. Paul railroad depot; was born in Somersetshire, England, Nov. 6, 1832. He learned the baker's trade in his native country, being engaged in that business until 1867, when he emigrated to Canada. After spending two years in Canada, he came to Wisconsin, locating in Grant county, and engaging in farming there two years. He then removed to Prairie du Chien, and opened a bakery near the railway depot. Here he carried on the business about eight years, when the death of a brother in Grant county, made it necessary for him to return there to settle up the estate. He remained in Grant county in charge of his brother's property until settled, after which, he returned to Prairie du Chien. Having purchased the Tremont House, near the depot, he took possession April 12, 1883. His house is conveniently located, and his accommodations good. Mr. Newick was married in England, in February 1855, to Mary, daughter of Henry Hutlon, and born in Somersetshire. They have one daughter, born in England, now the wife of William Whitmall, cashier of the Chicago, Milwaukee & Omaha railroad, at Minneapolis, Minn.

Edson W. Van Vickle, grain buyer, with L. Case & Co., is the son of Aaron Van Vickle, and was born at Hancock, Ill., Sept. 23, 1843. In 1850 he moved with his parents to Grant Co., Wis. He enlisted from that county Aug. 11, 1862, as a private in company D, 33d regiment, Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, was promoted to sergeant, and served until the close of the war. He was with his regiment and company in all the battles and skirmishes participated in by them. Mr. Van Vickle was married in Grant county, Dec. 28, 1871, to Olive, daughter of Robert Whiteside. She was born in Cassville, Wis. Mr. and Mrs. Van Vickle have one child, Pira, aged eight years. Mr. Van Vickle moved to Prairie du Chien in 1873, and engaged in grain buying. For the past two years he has been in the employ of L. Case & Co.

George W. Foster was born Sept. 11, 1842, in Rome, N. Y., being reared in that city. In the spring of 1862, he enlisted as a private in company B, 117th New York Volunteers. He was appointed a non-commissioned officer, serving until the close of the war. He took part in the siege of Fort Wagner, the battles of Drury's Bluff, before Richmond, Cold Harbor, Petersburg Heights, Chapin's Farm, capture of Fort Fisher, at which his regiment led the charge, in the series of engagements before Petersburg, and numerous skirmishes. At the battle of Drury's Bluff he received his only wound of any importance, a gun shot wound that carried away the little finger of the left hand. In 1866, after the close of the war, Mr. Foster went to Logansport, Ind., entering the service of the United States Express Company as messenger on the Pan-Handle railroad, being subsequently assigned to routes in Illinois, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. He left the service of the express company for a short time, to serve as conductor of a train. In 1875 he was appointed agent of the express company at Prairie du Chien, and has since occupied that position, to the entire satisfaction of the company and its patrons. In 1868 Mr. Foster was married to Lamine Gongalia, born in New Albany, Ind. Mr. Foster has represented his ward in the city council one term, and served four terms as a member of the city school board.

A. D. Phillips is station agent of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway at Prairie du Chien. He has been employed by the company in this office twenty-six years. Since 1875 he has been in charge of this station. Mr. Phillips was born in Brattleboro, Vt., Aug. 31, 1838, and moved with his parents to Massachusetts in childhood. He was educated in the old Bay State, and in 1856 moved to Kenosha, Wis. He began learning telegraphy in that city, and on the completion of the Milwaukee & Mississippi railway to Prairie du Chien, he was employed as telegraph operator at this station. He has continued in the employ of this road, under the different managements, continuously since, and for the past eight years has had entire charge of both passenger and freight business at this station.

Leroy T. Butterfield, photographer, is the son of Merrick and Lucy Butterfield, and was born in Windsor Co., Vt., Feb. 16, 1852. When three years of age he removed with his parents to Marengo, Ill. He received his primary education in the common schools and the high school of Marengo. He then took a two years' course at the Industrial University, of Champaign, Ill., where he fitted himself for the profession of civil engineer. In 1876 he came to Prairie du Chien, spending two years with Mr. Farr and learning photography. In 1878 he bought the gallery, and has since conducted the business with marked success. Mr. Butterfield was married at Marengo, Ill., Nov. 13, 1878, to Mattie E., daughter of William Rich. Mrs. Butterfield was born near Syracuse, N. Y.

Michael Breidenbach, proprietor of the Central House, was born in Cologne, Prussia, on the river Rhine, Oct. 28, 1847. He learned the baker's trade in his native country. In 1869 he emigrated to the United States, locating at Iowa City, where he engaged in the bakery business. Subsequently, Mr. Breidenbach went to St. Louis, working at his trade winters and traveling on the river summers as cook and steward. He was married at St. Louis in December, 1875, to Mary Humpal, born in Bohemia, Austria. They had one child --- William, who died from the effects of an accident when twenty months old. Mr. Breidenbach came to Prairie du Chien in 1877, and opened a bakery, which he operated five years. He then purchased the Central House, which he has greatly improved, and is making it one of the popular hotels of the city.

Fred Evert, manufacturer of cigars, established his factory in 1877. He employs four hands and turns out about 14,000 cigars per month. Mr. Evert was born in Mecklinberg, Germany, in 1843. He came to the United States in 1854, and made his home in Milwaukee, Wis. In August, 1862, he enlisted as a private in company E, 24th regiment, Wisconsin Volunteers, and served till June, 1865, or until the close of the war. He participated in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Atlanta, Franklin, and in various skirmishes. At Chickamauga he was struck in the leg by a spent shell and seriously injured; also received two slight gun-shot wounds at Mission Ridge. He was married at Milwaukee, March 29, 1867, to Louisa Schwab. Mrs. Evert was born in Germany. They have eight children, one son and seven daughters --- Arthur, Emma, Ida, Amanda, Hedwig, Clara, Minnie and Lillie.

Henry Weniger, is proprietor of the Prairie du Chien Artesian Well Flouring Mill. This mill was built by Mr. Weniger in 1878, and is a novelty in its way, the sole power being derived from the upward force of two large artesian wells. These wells are 1,044 feet deep, one being of six inch bore, and the other, of eight inch, and were dug by Mr. Weniger expressly for a power for his mill. He has another, still larger in process of construction, which is expected to materially increase the power of the mill. The building is 45x60 feet, two stories high, and has two run of stones, with a grinding capacity of 100 bushels per day. Mr. Weniger has another mill of equal capacity, situated in Eastman town, this county. Mr. Weniger was born in Saxony, Germany, March 19, 1825. He learned the miller's trade in his native country. In 1850 he emigrated to the United States, locating at Logansport, Ind. In 1854 he came to Crawford Co., Wis. settling on a farm in Eastman town. In 1855 he erected the first grist or flouring mill in the county, located in Eastman town. He carried on business here successfully until the summer of 1869, when, during a tremendous freshet, his dam, mill, and everything movable in the hollow, was swept away, by which, Mr. Weniger sustained a heavy loss. He rebuilt the following season, on the same site, and now has a good mill at that point which is operated by his son, Ferdinand. Mr. Weniger began to study on some plan of obtaining a water power that would be free from the many disadvantages of droughts and freshets. The idea of the artesian well power occurred to him and he at once put the thing into practice, at Prairie du Chien. The principle of a power obtained from the earth in the natural upward flow of water has puzzled the best mechanics. Millwrights have assured Mr. Weniger that such a power, suitable for operating his mill, was an impossible thing, but he has it, and it is a grand success. Mr. Weniger was married at Prairie du Chien, in 1855, to Matilda, daughter of Charles Oswald, and born in Saxony. They have nine children, four boys and five girls --- Ferdinand, Angelina, Bertha, Louis, Minnie, Ottelia, Frederick, Henry and Matilda. The two youngest are twins.

Albert Levi is the junior and managing partner of the well known and popular Philadelphia clothing house of A. Kohn & Co. The factory and wholesale rooms of this firm are located in Philadelphia. They established a branch store in Prairie du Chien in 1880, where they carry a first class stock of clothing and gents' furnishing goods, of an average value of $18,000. Mr. Levi is the son of Gabriel Levi, and was born in Philadelphia, Penn., May 20, 1858. He received a business education, and graduated from the Philadelphia High School in 1873. In 1874 he began his business career as book-keeper for an importing firm at Philadelphia, and continued with that firm until he formed the existing partnership with Mr. Kohn, and assumed charge of the business at Prairie du Chien. Mr. Levi is a young man possessed of excellent business qualifications, while socially he is deservedly popular.

Nathan H. Levi, proprietor of the Jewel Casket, is the son of Gabriel Levi, and was born in Philadelphia, Penn., Aug. 20, 1859. He was educated at the city schools and graduated at the Philadelphia High school. He served a regular apprenticeship at the watchmaker's trade in his native city, working four years as an apprentice and one year as a journeyman. He then went to Nevada and began business at Eureka. After spending one year at that point he removed to the Pacific coast, visiting the chief points of interest in that region. In 1880 he came from San Francisco to Prairie du Chien, Wis., and October 1, of that year, opened the Jewel Casket, one of the most tasty and best stocked jewelry stores in western Wisconsin. Mr. Levi started with an entirely new stock of goods, of the latest styles, and now has an extensive and valuable assortment of watches, jewelry and silverware. As he is a thorough workman in his line, enterprising and liberal in his business relations, he has secured a fair share of the trade, and is deservedly popular.

Rev. Christoph Gevers, pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Peter, was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1854. He was partialy educated in his native country, and emigrated to the United States in 1877. He received a German and English education at the Northwestern University, of Waterton, Wis. He took a regular theological course at the Lutheran Seminary, of Milwaukee, graduating in 1882, and being regularly ordained a minister of that Church and assigned to his present charge.

George E. Jacobia was born in Hudson, Columbia Co., N. Y., in March, 1833. His father was a large land owner in that county, and both parents died when he was nine years old. He was kept in school, and graduated when he was fifteen years and six months of age, and at once commenced studying law. He was admitted to the bar when twenty-two, and was engaged for many years in the practice of his profession in his native State, and also employed as assistant counsel in a number of other States. Being the owner of a large farm, willed to him by his father, he kept fine stock and became very much interested in stock-raising during his practice, and as soon as he could close up his law practice and real estate in New York, he intended to start a stock ranch in the southwest. In June, 1883, he met H. L. Dousman, in St. Louis, Mo., and by an agreement he started in the pursuit of milling, farming and stock-raising four miles from Prairie du Chien. They have about 2,500 acres of land and one of the best flouring mills in the State, and will soon have one of the finest stock farms in the northwest, stocked with the finest grades of sheep and cattle; Mr. Jacobia has but few equals in stock raising. He is a gentleman and possesses the "go-aheadism" to make the enterprise a success.